Visual Reference

Personal Pronouns

All German personal pronouns with their English equivalents and example sentences.

Present Tense Conjugation

How to conjugate regular verbs, stem-changing verbs, and the key irregular verbs sein and haben in the present tense.

Articles: der, die, das

Definite and indefinite articles in Nominativ and Akkusativ, common nouns by gender, and tips for guessing gender.

Nominative vs. Accusative

When to use Nominativ and Akkusativ, how articles change, and practice examples with highlighted differences.

Common Prepositions

German prepositions grouped by the grammatical case they require: Akkusativ, Dativ, and Wechselpräpositionen.

Numbers 1–100

German numbers from 1 to 100 with spelling, pronunciation patterns, and the unique 'ones before tens' structure.

Days, Months, Seasons

The days of the week, all twelve months, the four seasons, and the prepositions used with each.

Question Words (W-Questions)

The essential German question words with meanings, example questions, and sample answers.

Modal Verbs Overview

Complete conjugation tables for all six modal verbs plus möchten, their meanings, and the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) structure.

Top 50 A1 Phrases

Fifty essential everyday phrases for beginners, grouped by real-life situations.

Perfekt Tense Formation

How to form the Perfekt tense: choosing haben vs. sein, building the Partizip II for regular and irregular verbs, and handling separable/inseparable prefixes.

Präteritum (Simple Past) – Common Verbs

Conjugation tables for the most important verbs in the Präteritum tense, plus guidelines on when to use Präteritum vs. Perfekt.

All 4 Cases – Complete Overview

The full German case system: article tables for all four cases, question words to identify each case, and common verbs that require specific cases.

Subordinate Clauses – Word Order

How word order changes in subordinate clauses: the conjunction pushes the conjugated verb to the end of the clause.

Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns

Reflexive pronoun tables (Akkusativ and Dativ), common reflexive verbs, and how to tell which case the reflexive pronoun takes.

Comparative and Superlative

How to form comparisons in German: regular patterns, umlaut changes, irregular forms, and sentence structures with als and wie.

Konjunktiv II (Subjunctive II)

The Konjunktiv II for polite requests, wishes, and hypothetical situations: würde + Infinitiv and the special forms of key verbs.

Two-Way Prepositions – Visual Guide

The nine two-way prepositions that take Akkusativ for direction (Wohin?) and Dativ for location (Wo?), with example pairs for each.

Common Email Phrases

Standard phrases for formal and informal German emails: greetings, openings, body text, closings, and complete templates for common situations.

Top 50 A2 Phrases

Fifty essential phrases for upper-beginner learners, grouped by common real-life situations in Germany.

Adjective Endings – The Complete System

An attributive adjective (one standing before a noun) always takes an ending that signals gender, case and number. Which ending depends on what comes before it: a definite article (weak), an ein-/kein-/possessive word (mixed), or nothing (strong).

The Genitive Case – Possession & Prepositions

The genitive answers Wessen? (whose?) and links two nouns to show possession or belonging: das Auto meines Bruders. It is also required after a fixed set of prepositions like wegen, trotz, während and aufgrund.

Weak Masculine Nouns (n-Declension)

A small group of masculine nouns add -(e)n in every case except the nominative singular: den Studenten, dem Studenten, des Studenten. Forgetting this ending is one of the most common B1 mistakes.

Comparative & Superlative

To compare, German adds -er (Komparativ) and am …-sten or der/die/das …-ste (Superlativ). The key choice is als (than) after a comparative versus wie (as) for equality, plus a handful of irregular forms.

Connectors by Function - Word Order

Connectors that link ideas (cause, concession, consequence, addition) and the three word-order classes they belong to: Konjunktion (position 0), Subjunktion (verb to the end), and Konjunktionaladverb (inversion). Master this to combine sentences correctly on the telc B1 exam.

Two-Part (Correlative) Connectors

Paired connectors that link two elements: entweder...oder, weder...noch, sowohl...als auch, zwar...aber, nicht nur...sondern auch, and je...desto. They make your speaking and writing more precise and varied - a clear marker of the B1 level.

Temporal Subordinate Clauses

Time conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses (verb to the end): bevor, während, seit(dem), bis, sobald, and nachdem. Includes the key telc B1 rule that nachdem forces a tense shift (Plusquamperfekt -> Präteritum).

Infinitive Clauses & Indirect Questions

Infinitive constructions with zu - the purpose pair um...zu vs. damit, plus ohne...zu and (an)statt...zu - and indirect questions with ob and W-words (verb at the end). These structures make your sentences more natural and polite at the B1 level.

Subjunctive II (present) — würde + infinitive and hätte/wäre/könnte …

Der Konjunktiv II beschreibt Irreales und Hypothetisches in der Gegenwart: was wäre, wenn …. Man benutzt ihn für irreale Bedingungssätze, höfliche Bitten, Ratschläge und Wünsche; mit den meisten Verben nimmt man würde + Infinitiv, bei haben, sein, werden und den Modalverben aber die echte Konjunktiv-II-Form.

Subjunctive II (past) — hätte/wäre + past participle

Mit dem Konjunktiv II der Vergangenheit spricht man über Irreales in der Vergangenheit: etwas, das nicht passiert ist, oder verpasste Chancen und nachträgliche Vorwürfe. Man bildet ihn immer mit hätte oder wäre plus Partizip II — es gibt hier nur diese eine Form, kein „würde".

Subjunctive I & reported speech — er sagte, er habe/sei …

Der Konjunktiv I zeigt in der indirekten Rede, dass man die Aussage einer anderen Person nur wiedergibt, ohne für ihre Wahrheit zu garantieren. Er ist typisch für Nachrichten, Berichte und formelle Texte; wenn die Konjunktiv-I-Form mit dem Indikativ identisch wäre, weicht man auf den Konjunktiv II aus.

Relative clauses — der/den/dem/dessen, die/deren, was, wo

Relativsätze geben Zusatzinformationen zu einem Nomen und beginnen mit einem Relativpronomen (der, die, das …), dessen Form sich nach Genus, Numerus und Kasus richtet. Sie sind Nebensätze, deshalb steht das Verb am Ende; nach Präpositionen, Mengen und ganzen Sätzen benutzt man besondere Formen wie mit dem, was und wo.

Passive Voice – Process Passive, State Passive & Alternatives

The passive moves the focus from the doer to the action or result: Vorgangspassiv (werden + Partizip II) shows a process happening, Zustandspassiv (sein + Partizip II) shows the finished state. This card covers all tenses, the passive with modal verbs, the Vorgangs-/Zustandspassiv contrast, and common Ersatzformen (man, sich lassen, sein…zu).

Futur I – Future & Assumption

Futur I is formed with werden + Infinitiv (at the end of the clause) and expresses predictions, plans and promises about the future. With words like wohl, wahrscheinlich or sicher it also expresses an assumption about the present (Er wird wohl krank sein – he's probably ill).

Plusquamperfekt – Past Perfect

The Plusquamperfekt (hatte/war + Partizip II) describes an action that happened before another action in the past – the 'past of the past'. It is especially needed after the conjunction nachdem to show the correct sequence of two past events.

Verbs with Prepositions & da-/wo- Compounds

Many German verbs are fixed with a particular preposition and case, e.g. warten auf + Akkusativ, denken an + Akkusativ. For things you replace the preposition phrase with a da-word (darauf, daran) and ask with a wo-word (worauf, woran); for people you use the preposition + wen/wem.

Participle I & II as an Adjective

Both participles can stand before a noun like an adjective and then take normal adjective endings. Partizip I (Infinitiv + d: lesend) is active and simultaneous (der lesende Mann = the man who is reading); Partizip II (repariert, gekocht) is passive/completed (das reparierte Auto = the repaired car).